5 factors affecting political participation

The survey on students of the three Jordanian universities (Al-Al Bayt University, Jordanian University, and Mu'tah University) was conducted to explore the impact of gender, age, family income, and regional affiliation on the students voting. In addition, Trust in the ability of candidates to provide services to people with (31.5 per cent) for the (Palestinians). Another study asserted that there is a reluctance from young people to participate in voting, joining political parties and contributing to political campaigns (Homana, 2018, p. 40). 7 No. Still, e-mail may not be the most effective way of getting a message across because office holders believe that an e-mail message takes less time, effort, and thought than a traditional letter. A questionnaire reviewed by two jurors (peer reviewers) was used to collect the data. 2 No. Being a public official requires a great deal of dedication, time, energy, and money. Political socialization 6. 1, pp. The political landscape for many African nations does not provide the platforms where citizens can loudly and freely engage with the governments to harness democracy. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1977). They can communicate their interests, preferences, and needs to government by engaging in public debate (Verba, Schlozman, & Brady, 1995). Tillian, O. 299-310. Other barriers are structural. Midwestnerd Jingle Bell 5K run CC BY 2.0. The party inspires in its members a feeling of belongingness. The limited participation of youth in the political parties' bodies and in civil society institutions was one of the most prominent features that accompanied the democratic process in Jordan since the promulgation of the Parties Law in 1992. Protests involve unconventional, and sometimes unlawful, political actions that are undertaken in order to gain rewards from the political and economic system. Political scientists have determined that presidential election turnout is underestimated on average by 4 percent, which translates into hundreds of thousands of votes (Flanigan & Zingale, 1999). The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting shifts in favor of Jordanians students. Community activism is thriving among young people who realize the importance of service that directly assists others. Womens full and effective political participation is a matter of human Image Guidelines 5. People have many options for engaging in politics. 1 / 19. Yet there are many other ways to take part in politics that involve varying amounts of skill, time, and resources. Although the political participation base expanded in Jordan, youth remained reluctant to participate in elections. The campaign and rally have their effects on polarizing party attachments and reinforcing candidate preferences. New media offer additional opportunities for people to engage in campaigns. In addition, ethnic groups feel that they are marginalized within society, and they do not receive adequate political attention, So, they are reluctant to participate in voting. Measuring gender differences in political knowledge. The CBS News report on the Rodney King incident included the following controversial video. What do you think is the best way for you to advance those causes? 1, pp. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the category of family income. These activities may include voting, seeking information, discussing, attending public meetings, making financial contribution, communicating with representatives to become member in a political party, canvassing, speech writing, delivering speech, working in campaigns, competing for public and party offices, etc. This reduction can be seen in the number of abstaining voters. Fourth: The more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students, as there were differences in the students voting ratio in the national and local elections according to regional affiliation. 35 No. A high-level overview of the processes by which individuals develop political values and beliefs. It can be concluded that the difference in age groups affects political participation. Extreme discontent with a particular societal condition can lead to rioting. In addition, Ineffectiveness of the performance of elected local councils with (44.7 per cent) for the age group (18 less than 23). 1. The eligible electorate in the 1800s, when voter turnout consistently exceeded 70 percent, was far different than the diverse pool of eligible voters today. The reason for not choosing private universities was that they were limited to high-income students. Turnout in presidential elections in the 1960s was over 60 percent. They concluded that the sociopolitical interest of young females could help to overcome this problem, education could be one of the solutions, as political participation of females increases, when they are aware that political events would directly affect their lives. 1, pp. Atkeson, L.R. The survey was conducted on the students of the three Jordanian universities (Jordan, Al-Al Bayt, and Mu'tah), to identify the impact of gender, age, family income and regional affiliation on the voting of Jordanian university students in national and local elections: Table I shows the results of the analysis of the public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to the gender. WebAttitudinal Factors. A large number of elections are held in the United States every year, including local elections, elections for county and statewide offices, primaries, and general elections. The United States Election Project provides information about voter turnout in presidential campaigns. Some Palestinians have lived in Jordan since 1947 and 1967, they were granted the Jordanian nationality and the right to vote in the elections. Chapter 1: Communication in the Information Age, Chapter 2: The Constitution and the Structure of Government Power, Chapter 6: Political Culture and Socialization, Chapter 8: Participation, Voting, and Social Movements, Chapter 16: Policymaking and Domestic Policies, Chapter 17: Foreign and National Security Policies, American Government and Politics in the Information Age, http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1344797n, http://www.civicyouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/2010-Exit-Poll-FS-Nov-17-Update.pdf, http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. In addition, they felt marginalized inside the Jordanian society. the individual needs money to be able to participate in political activities. Modes of participation 7. 109-122. Although all changes and amendments in Jordan, there was a reluctance of young people, particularly the university students to vote in the national and local elections (Al-Mohammad, 2017, p. 2). Voter turnout is a mix of two factors: Internal (motivation, eagerness, knowledge) and External (eligibility, mobilization, voter suppression). In addition, it led the marginalized groups to be reluctant to participate in the voting. Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1978), Participation and Political Equality, University Press, Cambridge. There are many ways to advocate for a cause. 27 No. New media provide novel opportunities for political participation, such as using Facebook to campaign for a candidate and Twitter to keep people abreast of a protest movement. It gives recognition to the national parties, state parties and regional parties. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) have also concluded that the difference of regions within the same country and the ethnic or racial diversity affect voting in elections. Racial tensions sparked by a video of police beating Rodney King in 1991 and the subsequent acquittal of the officers at trial resulted in the worst riots ever experienced in Los Angeles. WebKeywords: influential factors, political participation, undergraduates, public universities, Hebei Province 1. Thus, there was a difference in the ratio of voting of Jordanian public universities students in the national and local elections according to the age group. How do you think not letting them vote might affect what kind of policy is made. There has been a steady increase in turnout since the 2000 presidential election, in which 51 percent of the voting-age public cast a ballot. Plagiarism Prevention 4. Lawless, J.L. So, the research problem is concerned with examining the impact of social and economic factors (gender, age, family Income, and regional affiliation) on voting of Jordanian university students in the elections. 5 No. A Purposive sample was taken from the three universities, (300) students per university (150 males and 150 females). Content Filtrations 6. The Senate alone receives an average of over four million e-mail messages per week and more than two hundred million e-mail messages per year (Congressional Management Foundation, 2008). Atiyat, F. (2017), Jordanian women participation in the parliamentary elections of 2016: field study in Albalqa governorate, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. Putnam, R. D., Bowling Alone: Americas Declining Social Capital (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). So, the higher the income, the higher the participation rate was. The quantitative research was used in this study. Also, It was noted that the number of students with family income (500 less than 700 dinars) was the total number of (185) including (171) participated in the voting with (92.4 per cent) in the same category. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? it was noted that the number of the students in the age group (18 less than 23) was a total of (654) included (427) participated in the voting with (65.3 per cent) in the same category. The Jordanian decision maker realized the shifts in internal and international circumstances. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post i dont know. In spite of the dissemination of civil society institutions after 1989, awareness of civil culture and political participation was still poor (Tillian, 2011, pp.1-2). Childs, S. (2004), A British Gender Gap? Co-operative activity. Where youth participatory mechanisms fail to have a substantive impact, they may still have important symbolic or signaling features. Social environment:. Every citizen gets one vote that counts equally. Social psychologists have emphasized on psychological traits which stem from individual personality and cognitive structures. (2003), Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement, Journal of Politics, Vol. Twitter, a social messaging platform that allows people to provide short updates in real time, has been used to convey eyewitness reports of protests worldwide. Socialization is the mechanism by which people become aware about the issues and ideology and come to identify with a particular political party. Afterward, law No. (1997), Knowing and caring about politics: gender and political engagement, The Journal of Politics, Vol. It deepens the political awareness and increases the sense of political effectiveness. A positive side effect of fundraising campaigns is that people are made aware of candidates and issues through appeals for money (Jacobson, 1997). Other forms of protest behavior include marking public spaces with graffiti, demonstrating, and boycotting. Although the democratic transition in many developing countries and the legislative amendments, which granted more rights and freedom for womens participation in politics, there was still a gender gap stemming from the differences in voting between males and females as well as the low voting turnout of women in elections. The process of democratization in Jordan began in 1989. The number of people contacting public officials at all levels of government has risen markedly over the past three decades. 102 No. Today, students demonstrate to draw attention to causes. The edited video showing the beating of King told a different story of police brutality and was the basis of much controversy. In terms of patient-reported outcomes after OWHTO, several preoperative factors, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative radiological parameters have been posited as candidate influencing factors. Fitzgerald, J. 8.1 What Is Political Participation? States argue that their legal authority to deny convicted felons voting rights derives from the Fourteenth Amendment, which stipulates that voting rights of individuals guilty of participation in rebellion, or other crime can be denied. The report focuses on explaining participation in campaigns in the Latin American and Caribbean regions of the Americas. Moreover, the lack of fair distribution of resources and the concentration the wealth in the hands of businessmen, made them feel marginalized. Leaders frequently are spammed with mass e-mails that are not from their constituents. If so, you are taking part in civil society, the community of individuals who volunteer and work cooperatively outside of formal governmental institutions (Eberly, 1998). Turnout in states that have Election Day registration averages ten points higher than in the rest of the country (Wolfinger & Rosenstone, 1980). These amendments aimed at increasing the ratio of women's representation and voting, by granting equal rights for women to vote and run in elections, such as a quota in Parliament. This means that the engagement of the individual at the different levels of the political system is a must. Direct link to madison.rawlins25's post depends on each person, Posted 5 months ago. Mohammad Soud Alelaimat can be contacted at: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-05-2019-0072, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. It is interesting to note that Milbrath classifies those factors which have been used up to the present in the attempt to explain political participation, into three groups: personal factors, political setting, and social position. Political participation of females in most societies is less than that of males, not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Solt, F. (2008), Economic inequality and democratic political engagement, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, pp. In addition, it does not discriminate between Jordanians and Jordanians of Palestinian origin (Palestinian refugees who were granted the Jordanian nationality in 1947 or 1967), where the law gave them the right to vote without discrimination (Article 3). Thus, the ratio of voting in the elections differed according to the difference between poor and rich people, where the ratio of voters who have wealth and enjoy social welfare is high. Moreover, those with wealth and a high level of well-being within society were the most participants in voting and in practicing political activities. Citizens can show their unhappiness with leadership choices by the symbolic act of not voting. 73 No. (2018), Youth political engagement in Australia and the United States: student councils and volunteer organizations as communities of practice, Journal of Social Science Education, Vol. Thus, there was a gender gap between Jordanian university male and female universities students' voting in national and local elections. In the light of the democratization, especially in many developing countries, political participation forms expanded and diversified to include voting, participating in the campaigns, community participation and expression of opinion in society related issues (Childs, 2004, p. 422). TOS 7. Direct mail and e-mail solicitations make fundraising easier, especially when donors can contribute through candidate and political-party websites. (2009), Studying oil, islam, and women as if political institutions mattered, Politics and Gender, Vol. Riots are frequently spontaneous and are sparked by an incident that brings to a head deep-seated frustrations and emotions. Verba, S., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995). Bernstein, A.G. (2005), Gendered characteristics of political engagement in college students, Journal of Sex Roles, Vol. Participation witnessed further expansion, as some studies have pointed out: Street protest, involvement in institutional policies, participating in social movements (Roth and Saunders, 2019, p. 572), and engagement in political debates (Bernstein, 2005, p. 299). 1. Now lets look at other determinants of what affects voter turnout. This, in turn, affected their voting in the elections. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) concluded that these reasons reflected the low and limited participation of women in political issues, political parties, and civil organizations. In addition, ethnic diversity, different habits, incomes of people led to the difference in political participation. The politically aware are usually better able to relate their social values to their political opinions, to achieve stable, internally consistent belief systems. Moreover, the electoral system of the country affects the political participation of women. The more the gender varies, the more students voting in the elections differs. This study aims to identify the factors affecting the political participation of Jordanian university students, especially their voting in national and local elections. Review of Economics and Political Science. American Government and Politics in the Information Age by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Those who give money are more likely to gain access to candidates when they are in office. People salute the flag and recite the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of a school day, and they sing the national anthem at sporting events. Pyeatt and Yanus (2018), Dolan (2011), Fox (2011) discussed how to overcome the gender gap in voting. The following video is the CNN News Report on the Los Angeles Riots, including Rodney Kings appeal to stop the violence. Rock the Vote (RTV), a nonpartisan youth mobilization organization, established the first online voter registration initiative in 1992 with official backing from the Congressional Internet Caucus. For many people, voting is the primary means of taking part in politics. Only a small number of people, generally under one-quarter of those eligible, participate in local, county, and state elections. Taking part in the political processes which lead to the selection of political leaders or determine or influence public policy is generally known as political participation. Although all these amendments, the political participation of Jordanian university students is still poor. At least ten states prohibit former felons from voting even after they have served their time. Disclaimer 9. In such activities they join hands with other people of the society to influence the actions of the government. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Re-Interview Poll, Nov, 2008, Poll Database, http://people-press.org/questions/?qid=1720790&pid=51&ccid=51#top. The sample was chosen from the youth segment because they were the most numerous in the Jordanian society, as well as the fact that the sample was more accessible in terms of data collection and distribution of the questionnaire. In addition, political participation is voluntary activities, in which the individual participates in the selection of rulers, and formulates public policies, directly or indirectly. After reading this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: Americans have many options for taking part in politics, including voting, contacting public officials, campaigning, running for and holding office, protesting, and volunteering. Table IV shows the results of the analysis of public universities students views on voting in national and local elections according to regional affiliation. Not filmed at all was an intoxicated King driving erratically, leading police on an eight-mile, high-speed chase through crowded streets. It has been argued that there is a positive correlation between these two processes and the political participation. What are the ways in which Americans participate in politics? Some studies concluded that the difference in age between individuals affects political participation as the ratio of political participation between young and older people is high (Pyeatt and Yanus, 2018, p. 189). But, in the South there is a high majority of blue collared workers? Men vote more than females (Childs, 2004, p. 422). Registered voters meet eligibility requirements and have filed the necessary paperwork that permits them to vote in a given locality. In the same context, Pyeatt and Yanus (2018) asserted that the difference in regional affiliation affected the political orientations of individuals. It can be concluded that: the more the regional affiliation varies, the more the voting in the elections differs in favor of the Jordanian students. Fitzgerald (2013), Taft (2014) pointed out that women in American society are less engaged in politics than men. 89 No. 2. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999). What are some of the ways you have participated in politics? Cohen, C.J. Jacobson, G. C., The Politics of Congressional Elections (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). Some regions have an established culture of political participation. Over 70 percent of Minnesota voters cast ballots in the 2008 presidential election compared with 51 percent in Hawaii and West Virginia (McDonald). In 1993, Congress passed the National Voter Registration Act, also known as the motor voter law, allowing citizens to register at motor vehicle and social service offices. Why are certain demographic groups more likely to align with the Democratic or Republican Party? Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The reasons of the low voting ratio of female students in Jordan was due to the fact that they didn't see a tangible role for elected councils within society in addition, tribal, social economic constraints as they didn't feel equal to males in education and employment. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that male students were the most Jordanian university students voting in the elections with (66.2 per cent). Tingkat Pengetahuan. This was consistent with the studies of Brady et al. Viewing the entire tape, one would have seen a belligerent and violent Rodney King who was difficult for police to constrain. Students advertised campus election events on social media sites, such as candidate rallies and voter registration drives, which drew large crowds. Based on the above: Palmer and Simon (2008) pointed out that difference of regions within the same country affected the political participation of the inhabitants of these regions. Do you think people who have committed serious crimes should be allowed to vote? High socio-economic status is conducive for an increase in the overall amount of political participation. People also can engage in symbolic participation, routine or habitual acts that show support for the political system. In the context of responding to the question Have you ever voted in previous national or local elections? It was noted that the number of students (Jordanians) was a total of (450) including (314) participated in the voting with (69.8 per cent) in the same category. There is no consensus among scholars whether to include in its definition illegal as well as legal activity, unsuccessful and successful attempts of influence and involuntary as well as voluntary action.

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