is russia a socialist country

"The leftist extremist at home, while Communist power continues to expand at home, is our number one enemy," John James, a GOP candidate for Congress in Michigan, told the CPAC crowd. Aeroflot has its headquarters in Moscows Central Administrative Okrug, and Sheremetyevo International Airport serves as its primary hub. 20] 1802, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has operated as the umbrella organisation for the federal law enforcement agency known as Police of Russia. Mikhail Lobanov at a campaign rally. Russia: Just like China, Russia was a country strictly Socialist in nature. Preamble: "In the present stage, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, as the initiator and coordinator of the policy of, Section 1, Article 1: "The People's Socialist Republic of Albania is a state of the, Section 1, Article 2: "All sovereignty is vested in the Angolan people. Author of, Associate Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Such states are not considered to be communist or socialist states because the countries themselves do not provide a constitutional role for their ruling socialist/communist parties or deem socialism a state ideology. The examples that follow demonstrate how the free market influences several aspects of the Russian economy. To the southwest and west it borders Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as Finland and Norway. Ukraine-Russia Live News: Russia Claims Its Forces Have Control of Kherson. China still shares strong relations with other socialist countries and communist parties in former socialist countries. The party is a descendant from the older Communist Party of Vietnam, which inspired the growth of socialist political movements in Asia in the early 20th century. After the August 1998 financial crisis, Russia's overall social structure changed. Your email address will not be published. Extending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern Europe and all of northern Asia, Russia has a maximum east-west extent of some 5,600 miles (9,000 km) and a north-south width of 1,500 to 2,500 miles (2,500 to 4,000 km). The Provisional Government was established under the liberal and social-democratic government; however, the Bolsheviks refused to accept the government and revolted in October 1917, taking control of Russia. Only approximately 1% of the 42,600 schools that existed in Russia in 2015 were supposedly private schools. Russia gave communism a bad name when it reigned as the USSR. Founded in 1955, the Laos Peoples Revolutionary Party is the countrys ruling and largest party, holding 128 of the total 132 seats in parliament as of 2016. Section 1, Article 1: "The Somali Democratic Republic is a socialist state led by the working class and is an integral part of the Arab and African entities". When the polling asked Americans what they think the core policies of socialism are, over 50% said that it would involve the government running gas and electricity companies, as well as providing free childcare. Previously known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, Russia has been a socialist state for many years now. Which Is The Correct Spelling? Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Russia is the only country where support for multiparty democracy and capitalism is down significantly from 2009. This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 22:27. [54], It was a one-party state ruled by the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, whose goal was the construction of a socialist society and which received support from other socialist states.[69]. To the south Russia borders North Korea, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Benin is another country whose constitution defines it as a socialist but has embraced a different political ideology. The poll, released Tuesday by The Economist / YouGov, found that 52 percent of Republicans agreed that Russia was operating under Communism, despite the country not being Communist since the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The country's constitution is explicit in its definition of the government structure, stating that Angola is a socialist state. Putin has ruled Russia since the year 2000. Section 1, Article 1: "The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic is the whole peoples state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intellectuals, workers of the republic of all nationalities". The longest and one of the busiest railway lines in the world is the 9,289 km Trans-Siberian Railway (the Moscow-Vladivostok route). Former Soviet Union (USSR) Countries. It could also be a cooperative or public corporation in which everyone owns shares. And then we had the full-scale invasion in February [2022]." And the late Soviet and postcommunist eras witnessed a revival of interest in once-forbidden artists such as the poets Vladimir Mayakovsky and Anna Akhmatova while ushering in new talents such as the novelist Victor Pelevin and the writer and journalist Tatyana Tolstaya, whose celebration of the arrival of winter in St. Petersburg, a beloved event, suggests the resilience and stoutheartedness of her people: The snow begins to fall in October. Silicone Vs. Silicon: The Material, Elemental Differences, Jam Vs. Jelly: Spreading The Word About The Differences, What To Know About The Holidays Called Eid. Laos is another socialist country in Asia. Meanwhile, the countries in the non-MarxistLeninist category represent a wide variety of different interpretations of the term socialism and in many cases the countries do not define what they mean by it. Thats where the collective cooperation comes in. Goods are produced, not for use only, but for sang' circles. From 2015 to 2020, the country was called the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Part 1, Article 2: "In the confident expectation of an early surrender of sovereignty to a union of African states and territories, the people now confer on Parliament the power to provide for the surrender of the whole or any part of the sovereignty of Ghana". It advocated for the working class(theproletariat) to uprise against the aristocracy and other elites (thebourgeoisie), followed by the implementation of a new society where everyone was equal. Try again Since September 8, [O.S. South of Moscow there is a west-east alternation of rolling plateaus and extensive plains. In 1990, CPSU branches in the, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ceased ruling the country on 6 March 1990, when the. Why emerging markets might be worth owning in a diversified portfolio, The reign of Peter I (the Great; 16891725), The reign of Catherine II (the Great; 176296), Government administration under Catherine, Education and social change in the 18th century, The Civil War and War Communism (191821), The Gorbachev era: perestroika and glasnost, Ethnic relations and Russias near-abroad, Consolidation of power, Syria, and campaign against the West, Putins fourth term as president, novichok attacks, and military action against Ukraine, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Russian Railways (RZD), a state-owned natural monopoly, manages the entire network in Russia, which spans more than 85,500 kilometers. Many citizens lack a basic awareness of the different sorts of social aid. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Soviet Union (or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - USSR) was a giant single-party communist state formed by the federal union of 15 national republics. In the European areas of Russia, the permafrost occurs in the tundra and the forest-tundra zone. All countries that have not claimed to be socialist are excluded, even in cases where certain outside observers regarded those countries as socialist. The poll was conducted online among 1,500 U.S. adults, including 1,205 registered voters, between February 26 and March 1. Therefore, the lack of social protection for all Russian citizens is one of the examples of capitalism as capitalism is associated with the lack of social protection. Section 1, Article 4: "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". East of the Volga is the large Caspian Depression, parts of which lie more than 90 feet (25 metres) below sea level. Wait a moment and try again. Russias flag carrier and major airline is Aeroflot Russian Airlines. Russia Has a New Socialist Movement An interview with Mikhail Lobanov The big winner in Russia's recent election was the Communist Party, which jumped to almost 20 percent support. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Preamble: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens". Newsweek reached out to the Republican National Committee and the Embassy of Russia in Washington, D.C., for comment. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Chapter 1, Article 1: "The State of Kampuchea is a State of the people, workers, peasants, and all other Kampuchean labourers.". Russia/ Soviet Union: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: 7 November 1917 Section 1, Article 2: "The Hungarian People's Republic is a socialist state". It ensures within it the democratic debate between the various social, cultural, economic and regional components of the national community as well as their equitable representation, their free expression and right of proposal. Many people think of Russia as a socialist country, but the reality is more nuanced. It is the political organization of the working people of town and country under the leadership of the working class and its. Communism. In general, anyone can purchase residential property in Russia, regardless of citizenship. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. It is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,125,191 square kilometres (6,612,073 sq mi), and encompassing one-eighth of Earth's inhabitable landmass. While socialist parties have won many elections around the world and most elections in the Nordic countries, none of those countries have adopted socialism as a state ideology or written the party into the constitution. Forgetting party allegiances, the top three choices among the U.S. public as a whole are China with 46%, Venezuela with 44% and Russia with 41%. Data journalist covering technological, societal and media topics, % saying the following are either 'completely, socialist' or 'more socialist than capitalist', The Most Socialist Countries According To Americans. Article 43 of the Russian Constitution guarantees that all citizens of Russia have access to general education. South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and the steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea. Section 1, Article 2: "The socialist system in Yugoslavia is based on relations between people acting as free and equal producers and creators, whose work serves exclusively to satisfy their personal and common needs". Communism, on the other hand, is a branch of socialism. The poll, released Tuesday by The Economist / YouGov, found that 52 percent of Republicans agreed that Russia was operating under Communism, despite the country not being Communist since the. Diplomats from 20 countries gathered Tuesday in Colombia to discuss the political crisis in Venezuela, where Nicols Maduro's socialist administration has strengthened its autocratic rule . Russian President Vladimir Putin is pictured laughing before a U.S.-Russia summit at the Villa La Grange in Geneva, Switzerland, on June 16, 2021. These are short-lived political entities that emerged during wars, revolutions, or unrest and declared themselves socialist under some interpretation of the term, but which did not survive long enough to create a stable government or achieve international recognition. The party was founded in 1921 and is among the oldest in Asia. A non-MarxistLeninist socialist state since 1992. The term "socialism" has been. Author of, Professor of Russian History, University of Chicago. Section 1, Article 1, Chapter 2: "Bearing in mind as its fundamental problem the abolition of the exploitation of men by men, the entire abolition of the division of the people into classes, the suppression of exploiters, the establishment of a socialist society, and the victory of socialism in all lands". Article XVI, Section General Provisions of the. Although the USSR fell way back when, Russia is still very, culturally, though economically theyre a capitalistic system. EU Russia; Europe's East; Global Europe Brief . Why Isn't The Arctic Considered To Be A Continent. The system and its two million personnel are under the control of the Russian Ministry of Health. Although the USSR fell way back when, Russia is still very communist culturally, though economically theyre a capitalistic system. Preamble (19962016): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices in order to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. Cuba has a history of participating in revolutionary movements in other nations, including Angola, which later became a socialist country. State capitalism is a kind of capitalism in which the state owns the means of production and engages in for-profit economic activities. The party inherited many of the Communist Partys socialist policies including the Marxism-Leninism ideology. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Technically, Russia today is a "multi-party representative democracy." In fact, experts are even split as to whether Russia's former state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), was a communist, socialist, or "state capitalist" government. Its similar in that its still founded on the idea of collective cooperation, but differs in that communists believe that cooperation should be run by a totalitarian government made up of one and only one government. Western Russia makes up the largest part of one of the great lowland areas of the world, the Russian Plain (also called the East European Plain), which extends into Russia from the western border eastward for 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the Ural Mountains and from the Arctic Ocean more than 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea. Currently, there exist only four countries around the globe that are recognized as Marxist-Leninist socialist. In the west the Central Russian Upland, with a maximum elevation of 950 feet (290 metres), separates the lowlands of the upper Dnieper River valley from those of the Oka and Don rivers, beyond which the Volga Hills rise gently to 1,230 feet (375 metres) before descending abruptly to the Volga River. Preamble: "The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people". Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. "And if in any way we have a chance to change things, it is mostly through . Employers of labor use the means of production that they do not own; rather, they only use them on behalf of the capital owners (capitalists). Country declared MarxistLeninist in 1974, with the, Section 1, Article 1: "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and peasants. A "state capitalist" economy, according to some analysts, and a "mixed market" one, according to others. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on March 8, 2023 by Chris Drew, PhD. However, the government is yet to implement these provisions of the constitution that would make Angola a socialist state in practice. Russia would also consider banning exports of some of its own goods, Medvedev said in a Telegram post. Indeed, Russia was operating under a communist model until the 1990s! See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Your email address will not be published. 1019-XII , Constitution of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Constitution of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Constitution of the German Democratic Republic, "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic, "The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications", "Madagascar: 1975 Constitutional referendum", Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic, Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Romania, Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "Walter Duranty Explains Changes In Soviet Constitution", Constitution of the Somali Democratic Republic, A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Constitution of the Republic of Equatorial Guineaa, Constitution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, "Insoumission civile et dfaillance tatique: les contradictions du processus dmocratique malien", Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_socialist_states&oldid=1152550051, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In most cases, regardless of citizenship or even resident status, you may also create other legal entities. Ilya Matveev and Ilya Budraitskis are socialist activists from Russia. Preamble (1963): "Faithful to the program adopted by the National Council of the Algerian Revolution in Tripoli, the democratic and popular Algerian Republic will direct its activities toward the construction of the country in accordance with the principles of socialism []". Cuba is the only country in the western hemisphere that practices socialist ideologies. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation was involved in government from 19981999, though non-communist, Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the, Article 1, Section The State and the Constitution of the. Vladimir Lenin, their leader, rose to power and governed between 1917 and 1924. Russia also is home to the worlds deepest lake, Baikal, and the country recorded the worlds lowest temperature outside the North and South poles. A combined map of all countries that declared themselves socialist states under any definition at some point in their history, color-coded for the number of years they said they were socialist: Countries with constitutional references to socialism, Socialist territories with limited recognition, States with governing communist or socialist parties, The sovereignty of the People's Republic of China is disputed by the, Cuba maintained its 1940 pre-socialist constitution, despite the rebel victory in the, The sovereignty of the Democratic People's Republic of Socialism is a social theory makes sense. By far the world's largest country, it covers nearly . But then, just as the gloomy sky sinks even lower, there comes the hope that the boring drum of water from the clouds will finally give way to a flurry ofand there it goes: tiny dry grains at first, then an exquisitely carved flake, two, three ornate stars, followed by fat fluffs of snow, then more, more, morea great store of cotton tumbling down. In western Siberia permafrost occurs along the Yenisey River, and it covers almost all areas east of the river, except for south Kamchatka province, Sakhalin Island, and Primorsky Kray (the Maritime Region). Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. The Greek demokratia is derived from demos, common people, and kratos, strength.. Section 1, Article 1: "Guyana is an indivisible, secular, democratic sovereign state in the course of transition from capitalism to socialism and shall be known as the Co-operative Republic of Guyana". The Communist Party of China, the countrys ruling and largest party, is driven by socialist ideals. Because there is no market rivalry among police units, this is a prime illustration of socialism in Russia. In the age of advanced technologies, additional pressing issues are brought to light, including the quality of the information infrastructure, the dearth of innovative work practises, the shortcomings of the means testing procedures, the complexity of social legislation, and the populations information literacy. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Under socialism, social ownership can be collaborative, cooperative, or public. Here Are The Key Crypto Terms To Explain Digital Currencies. Quite A Few Contrasts Between Them. That sounds great on paper, but the way it played out in Russia was a bloody revolution (including the arrest and execution of Czar Nicholas II and his family). Among all Americans, 42 percent thought that Russia was Communist, including 44 percent of Democrats. Section 1, Article 1: "The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic is a socialist state expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nationalities of the republic". The partys ideology can be defined as a blend between Chinese communism and Marxism-Leninism. while insisting that Moscow did not and would not interfere in other . Some economists have described the system the Russian economy operates under as "state capitalism.". Although the climate adds a layer of difficulty to daily life, the land is a generous source of crops and materials, including vast reserves of oil, gas, and precious metals. Despite the fact that the government owns the real estate assets, they permit anyone to purchase and sell residences in Russia, a sign of that countrys capitalism. Everyone is tired of the cold rain that taps stupidly on windows and roofs. In Russia, there is evidence of an oligarchic model where large companies are either state-owned or in the hands of a small group of powerful elites. Prerevolutionary Russian society produced the writings and music of such giants of world culture as Anton Chekhov, Aleksandr Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolay Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Section 1, Article 3: "The United Republic is a democratic, secular and socialist state which adheres to multi-party democracy". They fled the country weeks after the February 24 invasion of Ukraine. That also implies that the property owners are at the whim of the landlord. Countries That Are Considered Socialist China [4] The list includes countries that assert in their constitutions that they are based on socialism, regardless of their economic or political system. Because a sovereign state is a different entity from the political party that governs that state at any given time, a country may be ruled by a socialist party without the country itself claiming to be socialist or the socialist party being written into the constitution. The education system that developed after the Soviet Union was founded in 1922 gained international renown for its accomplishments in eradicating illiteracy and raising a population with a high level of education. Permafrost covers some 4 million square miles (10 million square km)an area seven times larger than the drainage basin of the Volga River, Europes longest rivermaking settlement and road building difficult in vast areas. Only their legal standing as the businesss organisers qualifies foreigners to maintain a business in Russia. Spain's socialist, centre-right parties undermine the rule of law . (Socialism in Russia), Is Russia Capitalist? than Russia, where all things are nationalized up to the point that citizens cant even make full use of the internet due to the governments fear of free thought. Several past and present states have declared themselves socialist states or in the process of building socialism. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. That ended in 1991. Karelia is a low, ice-scraped plateau with a maximum elevation of 1,896 feet (578 metres), but for the most part it is below 650 feet (200 metres); low ridges and knolls alternate with lake- and marsh-filled hollows. Is It Called Presidents Day Or Washingtons Birthday? Public schools offer education for free, and there are a few private schools as well, but they are few in number. They share a common definition of socialism and they refer to themselves as socialist states on the road to communism with a leading vanguard party structure, hence they are often called communist states. The majority of self-declared socialist countries have been Marxist-Leninist or inspired by it, following the model of the Soviet Union or some form of people's or national democracy. Section 1, Article 1: "Romania is a socialist republic". https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, Is Russia Socialist? The houses are so drenched that they seem about to crumble into sand. [] The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings". Contents show Socialism vs. Capitalism "The embarrassment is just going to keep growing over this," Laura Harth, the campaign director at Safeguard Defenders, told Newsweek. A group of people may also purchase real estate together. Given these topological factors, Russia may be subdivided into six main relief regions: the Kola-Karelian region, the Russian Plain, the Ural Mountains, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, and the mountains of the south and east. These inadequacies result from both the outdated state social protection system and the incredibly conservative and regressive means testing procedures. Although Putin's recent military moves could indicate that he hopes to reconstitute aspects of the Soviet empire, there has been no indication or reason to believe that he is interested in bringing back Communism. Section 2 Chapter 1 Article 33: "Until the complete recovery of national sovereignty, the Frente POLISARIO (Polisario Front) shall be the political framework that shall unite and mobilise politically the Sahrawis to express their aspirations and legitimate rights to self-determination and independence and to defend their national unity and complete the building of their independent Sahrawi State". Examples of previous direct communist or socialist party rule in non-socialist multi-party democracies include: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They are thus able to purchase a house but not the land that lies beneath it. Nobody here thinks that modern day capitalist imperialist Russia is socialist. The decision of the PAIGC follows in accordance with its historic tradition of acting at every moment as the repository for the deepest aspirations of our people.". harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHunt2005 (, Article 1, Section SECOND EXTRAORDINARY SESSION OF 1976 of the, socialist states espousing MarxismLeninism, socialist states not espousing MarxismLeninism, Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, People's Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea, Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, 1973 Equatorial Guinean constitutional referendum, Democratic Party of Guinea African Democratic Rally, Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sudanese Union African Democratic Rally, Soviet Republic of Soldiers and Fortress-Builders of Naissaar, LithuanianByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China, Political Committee of National Liberation, Provisional People's Committee for North Korea, Provisional Democratic Government of North Greece, Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun, People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu, People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea, Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia, List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation, List of democratic socialist parties and organizations, List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed, People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Syria Region, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, People's Democratic Republic of Burkina Faso, Organization for Popular Democracy Labour Movement, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Communist Party of Nepal (Unified MarxistLeninist), Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, Farabundo Mart National Liberation Front, International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from the Soviet Union, "How Did the Vietnam War Affect the Economy - 551 Words | Bartleby", "Reviewed work: Vietnam: A Pathway from State Socialism, Thaveeporn Vasavakul", "Ho Chi Minh on Independence and Freedom - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung", Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, "2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Eritrea", Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, "The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976", Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua, "Texto De La Constitucin Poltica De La Repblica De Nicaragua Con Sus Reformas Incorporadas", National Assembly of the Republic of Nicaragua, Constitution of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, "Myanmar: No sign of lasting peace in Wa State", "Two decades on: A glimpse inside the Zapatista's capital, Oventic", Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan, Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Constitution of the People's Republic of Angola, 25 1991 .

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