revolutions podcast map of haiti

Then they would come back to Haiti and own plantations and slaves of their own. The indemnity bankrupted the Haitian treasury and left the country's government deeply impoverished, causing long-term instability. Apart from granting rights to free people of color, the Assembly dispatched 6,000 French soldiers to the island. Download programmes from the huge In Our Time archive. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - Episode 19 7,324 views Jun 20, 2018 83 Dislike Share Khwarezmid 3.67K subscribers Link (s) to the episode (s):. I was wondering if you would cover the slave uprisings in other French colonies during the 1790s, especially the one in Guadeloupe (featuring Louis Delgres). [21] The Kongolese at 40% were the largest of the African ethnic groups represented amongst the slaves. [106] The Haitian psychological warfare was successful with many French soldiers asking why they were fighting to enslave the Haitians, who were only asserting the rights promised by the Revolution to make all men free. Find the Data. Posted by: [30], In 1789, Saint-Domingue produced 60% of the world's coffee and 40% of the sugar imported by France and Britain. 38 min playlist_add Dec 11, 2022 Appendix 11- Meet the New Boss Not necessarily the same as the old boss. Fearing a return of French forces, Dessalines first expanded and maintained a significant military force. Woohoo! ", "Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution by Mike Duncan", "Mike Duncan Takes on the Turmoil of History", "Revolutions: Hero of Two Worlds Pilot Script", "AMA with the host of The History of Byzantium podcast", "How Rian Johnson Kept His 'Star Wars' Script From Leaking Online", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Duncan_(podcaster)&oldid=1147930195, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 03:01. [104] Captain Marcus Rainsford, a British Army officer who visited Saint-Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army, writing: "At a whistle, a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards, and then, separating, threw themselves flat on the ground, changing to their backs and sides, and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalledThis movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country". [29] The book was received positively by numerous important outlets including The New Yorker,[30] Publishers Weekly[31] and The New Republic. He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote, he "amused himself with sexual pleasures, military balls, banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune".[114]. In parallel to the killings, plundering and rape also occurred. Find the Data. You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. [36], Benjamin Wittes directly modelled the introduction to the Lawfare Podcast on The History of Rome. [71] Fortescue wrote that the aim of the British in the first expedition had been to destroy "the power of France in these pestilent islands only to discover when it was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army". The most powerful group was the grand blancs, or the Big Whites. These were the plantation owners and the elite. As Leclerc lay dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels, he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap to be killed by drowning in the harbour. Read about our approach to external linking. [71], The main British force for the conquest of Saint-Domingue under General Charles Grey, nicknamed "No-flint Grey", and Admiral Sir John Jervis set sail from Portsmouth on 26 November 1793, which was in defiance of the well-known rule that the only time that one could campaign in the West Indies was from September to November, when the mosquitoes that carried malaria and yellow fever were scarce. Contrarily, Petion was beloved by his people, but despised by his northern counterpart. Many of them had used their social capital to acquire wealth, and some already owned land. Given that, what was the social and economic landscape of Haiti in the years leading up to the revolution? Mike became especially interested in Roman history while reading his grandfather's paperback version of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. [20], The majority of the slaves were Yoruba from what is now modern Nigeria, Fon from what is now Benin, and Kongo from the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now modern northern Angola and the western Congo. [79] The overall forces in St Domingue was at that time under the command of the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, Sir Adam Williamson. Revolutions aired from 15 September 2013 to 3 July 2022. He warned, "the Africans only want a chief, sufficiently courageous, to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter". [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." Kate Hodgson, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in French at the University of Liverpool, Tim Lockley, Reader in American Studies at the University of Warwick, Karen Salt, Fellow in History in the School of Language and Literature at the University of Aberdeen, Kate Hodgson at the University of Liverpool, Joan Dayan, Haiti, History and the Gods (University of California Press, 1998), Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2004), Carolyn E. Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint-Domingue Revolution from Below (University of Tennessee Press, 1990), John D. Garrigus, Before Haiti: Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), David P. Geggus, Haitian Revolutionary Studies (Indiana University Press, 2002), David P. Geggus (ed. [72] After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794, Grey chose to conquer Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Guadeloupe. Accessed 25 March 2015. On January 1, 1804, Haiti declared its independence, and in the proclamation, they used the expression Live free or die, which they had taken from the American revolution. Enjoy! No, they did not. 100 plantations were established between 1700 and 1704. [65] However, everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people. "Haitian Revolution." [63] By this point, it was well known that service in the West Indies was virtually a death sentence. Within the first couple of years, Toussaint LOuverture arose as a leader. [126] Many of the workers likened the new labor system to slavery, much like Toussaint L'Ouverture's system, which caused resentment between Dessalines and his people. The French were particularly cruel to their slaves. [109] [105] After losing 800 men, Toussaint ordered a retreat. 21 Revolutions Podcast - Glasgow Women's Library. I learned about History of Rome about a year ago, and I got caught up just as we finished the French Revolution. In 2018 Duncan relocated to Paris, France in order to do research for his 2021 book Hero Of Two Worlds, a biography on the Marquis de Lafayette. Studies in the History of Political Thought, "Freedom at All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion", "Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. [108] By September, Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others. The word revolution means coming full circle, so it seems like the best way to begin the end. [2] Despite studying political science in college, Duncan spent much of his free time studying ancient Greek and Latin texts. By the time the revolution erupted in 1791 hed been a free man for over a decade, meaning he was able to circulate around the island and get a sense of what was going on more broadly. [12] Each season was dedicated to one revolution or revolutionary wave and discussed the revolution through a chronological narrative approach, as in his podcast The History of Rome, but the shorter time periods and longer episode length for each season allowed greater detail for individual events. Education Higher Education K-12 Society & Culture History Update frequency: every 9 days Average audio length: 33 minutes English United States 370 episodes since Sept. 15, 2013 serial IN THIS PODCAST It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participantswith the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most prominent general. Everyonequite rightlylived in terror of everyone else. [45] In the south, beginning in September, thirteen thousand slaves and rebels led by Romaine-la-Prophtesse, based in Trou Coffy, took supplies from and burned plantations, freed slaves, and occupied (and burned) the area's two major cities, Logne and Jacmel. [52] In September 1791, the surviving whites organized into militias and struck back, killing about 15,000 blacks. In 1801, Louverture issued a constitution for Saint-Domingue that decreed he would be governor-for-life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state. On 4 April 1792, The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in saint-Domingue. Essentially, the owners were OK with working their slaves to death, or punishing them with death, and buying more slaves. If anyone Is looking for a good Map visualization to keep track while hearing the podcast. [87], Maitland knew that his forces could not defeat Toussaint, and that he had to take action to protect Jamaica from invasion. Some[who?] There was a growing population of affranchis, which were freed blacks or freed slaves, and then what were called gens de couleur, or people of color. Finally, in 1819, the new mulatto leader, Jean-Pierre Boyer, sent six regiments into the Grand-Anse to ferret out Goman. [5] It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. [47] At least 900 coffee plantations were destroyed, and the total damage inflicted over the next two weeks amounted to 2 million francs. Grace | The grands blancs in Saint-Domingue, unhappy with Sonthonax, arranged with Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony, believing that the British would maintain slavery. The podcast concluded in 2012. 35 min playlist_add Dec 4, 2022 Appendix 10- The. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations, burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve". Many of them joined Toussaint's army. While the southern republic did not have as much focus on economic development, and put more attention on liberal land distribution and education, the northern kingdom went on to become relatively wealthy, though wealth distribution was disputed. [19][pageneeded]. [126] He proclaimed that every citizen would belong to one of two categories, laborer or soldier. Posted by: The Haitians burned French prisoners alive, cut them up with axes, or tied them to a board and sawed them into two. To better understand the historical . The exiles causing the most alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners. In this kind of situation, the last priority for food distribution is the slaves, and as a result, there was a large population of slaves that was not well-fed and mistreated. What is the Significance of the Haitian Revolution? [174] The French media also played an important role in the Haitian Revolution, with contributions that made many French upstarts quite interested in the young, passionate Toussaint's writings of freedom. [94], In the early 21st century, historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops. They were killed by guillotine, "breaking at the wheel", mobs and other death machines: death toll estimates range from 18,000 to 40,000. Going to Paris this month. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. [24] It entered the New York Times best seller list Hardcover Non-Fiction on the eighth place during its first week. [91], After the departure of the British, Toussaint turned his attention to Rigaud, who was conspiring against him in the south of Saint Domingue. Matthias Middell, Megan Maruschke, The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization (2019), p. 71. Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers, or free women of color. The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire, but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony. An average of 600 ships engaged every year in shipping products from Saint-Domingue to Bordeaux, and the value of the colony's crops and goods was almost equal in value to all of the products shipped from the Thirteen Colonies to Great Britain. 5 1 Comment Like Comment Most relevant Craig Buddy Loving the episodes. Todd Halwas | Appendix 1- Coming Full Circle. [107], In 1802, Napoleon added a Polish legion of around 5,200 to the forces sent to Saint-Domingue to fight off the slave rebellion. In the 2010 Podcast Awards, The History of Rome won best educational podcast.[11]. The gens de couleur are interesting: they were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. [146], Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution. [63] Of Grey's 7,000 men, about 5,000 died of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing "forty-six masters and eleven hundred men dead, chiefly of yellow fever". Ed. Its important to discuss Haiti because of its significance within the narrative of the political revolutions of the 18th century. [83] Service in Saint-Domingue was extremely unpopular in the British Army owing to the terrible death toll caused by yellow fever. Although the numbers in these bands grew large (sometimes into the thousands), they generally lacked the leadership and strategy to accomplish large-scale objectives. [19] Enslaved Africans in this region lived in large groups of workers in relative isolation, separated from the rest of the colony by the high mountain range known as the Massif du Nord. Yet Toussaint Louverture did not stop working with the Spanish Army until sometime later, as he was suspicious of the French. LS 77 Global Rank TOP 0.01% ABOUT THIS PODCAST A weekly podcasting exploring great political revolutions. [83] As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted, people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from Saint-Domingue, which was devouring money and soldiers, while failing to produce the expected profits. Baur, John. Two days later an independently sailing French frigate was chased down and captured in the same waters. [84], On 11 April 1797, Colonel Thomas Maitland of the 62nd Regiment of Foot landed in Port-au-Prince, and wrote in a letter to his brother that British forces in Saint-Domingue had been "annihilated" by the yellow fever. [46] Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. Posted by: Blackburn, Robin. Paul B. Miller, "Enlightened Hesitations: Black Masses and Tragic Heroes in C. L. R. James's The Black Jacobins". King Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of slaves in general in the colony, but masters openly and consistently broke the code. In addition to Raynal's influence, Toussaint Louverture, a free black who was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European colonialism, would become a key "enlightened actor" in the Haitian Revolution. So, they abolished slavery for a little while so that the former slaves would fight the British and Spanish on their behalf, however they had no intention of allowing the slaves to be free. In October 1790, another wealthy free man of color, Vincent Og, demanded the right to vote under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. A limited amount, he concludes, for slavery flourished in the western hemisphere for many more decades. [16] The death rate was so high that polyandryone woman being married to several men at the same timedeveloped as a common form of marriage among the slaves. They were very important predecessors to the Haitian revolution, and they were heavy influences on Haitis freedom fighters. Since the resistance and the murderous disease environment made it impossible for Napoleon to regain control over Haiti, he gave up hope of rebuilding a French New World empire. The largest and most encompassing of those civilizations to Duncan was always the Romans. Some southern planters grew concerned that the presence of these slaves who had witnessed the revolution in Haiti would ignite similar revolts in the United States. This is one I know absolutely nothing about, and it sounds really interesting (and bloody and horrible) from the first episode. distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution. M. Degros, Cration des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 1986; in French, J-F. Brire, Hati et la France, 18041848: le rve bris, Paris, Karthala 2008; in French, Newman, Simon P. "American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions: Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans.". Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791, white refugees from Saint-Domingue fled to the United States, particularly to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Charleston. [15] Saint-Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world, indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century. [137], The nascent state's future was hobbled in 1825 when France under Charles X forced it (with French warships anchored off the coast during the negotiations[138]) to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholdersas a condition of French political recognition and to end the newly formed state's political and economic isolation. [36] The lower-class whites, petits blancs (literally "small whites"), included artisans, shopkeepers, slave dealers, overseers, and day laborers. A retrouver aussi dans la Playlist Decolonisations-Haiti. The masters and mistresses were dragged from their beds to be killed, and the heads of French children were placed on pikes that were carried at the front of the rebel columns. 03 April 2017 at 04:01 AM, love the map, always have one open anyways when listening, Posted by: Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law, constitution, and practice, which had occurred between 1793 and 1801, and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 18011803which lasted until 1848. Revolutions Per Minute - Radio from the New York City Democratic Socialists of America. [25] In an interview with the Washington Post Worldview, Duncan claimed his aim for the book was to "pull back two generations [from the time of Caesar] and ask, 'What was it that opened the cracks in the foundation of the Republic? We look at the life of revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture, confront the atrocities committed against the people of Haiti and the literal price they were forced to pay for their freedom. Louverture was very intelligent, organized and articulate. Many years later Franois Duvalier, the president of Haiti who was known for his black nationalist and Pan-African views, used the same concept of "European white negroes" while referring to Polish people and glorifying their patriotism. [114], Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty. The Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, What You Already Know About the Origins of WWI, Long Live the Bolsheviks Death to the Communists. Though the United States was hostile towards Toussaint, the U.S. Navy agreed to support Toussaint's forces with the frigate USS General Greene, commanded by Captain Christopher Perry, providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel, held by mulatto forces under the command of Rigaud. Glasgow Women's Library. In addition, the French employed cruel punishment techniques. Benjamin Wittes of Lawfare Blog wrote, "Never has a book about history that's two millennia old been so timelyYou'll learn as much about the problems we face today from this book as from any newspaper",[27] and a review in the Huffington Post praised his "congenial style", claiming that he "zeros in on Rome's polarization between "optimates" (conservatives) and "populares" (populists), the disintegration of participatory democracy, and the concomitant rise in inequality, uncivil discourse, and violence. [153] There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans, who had just recently lived through their own revolution. [106] Just what motivated Toussaint to give up the fight has been the subject of much debate with most probable explanation being that he was just tired after 11 years of war. [107] Under the terms of surrender, Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in Saint-Domingue, that blacks could be officers in the French Army, and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army. [82] Ultimately, 10,000 British soldiers arrived in Saint Domingue by June, but aside from some skirmishing near Bombarde, the British remained in Port-au-Prince and other coastal enclaves, while yellow fever continued to kill them all off. French writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in his history of European colonization. [25] Raynal's Enlightenment philosophy went deeper than a prediction and reflected many similar philosophies, including those of Rousseau and Diderot. [83] Under a storm of artillery, the Haitians placed ladders on the walls and were driven back four times, with heavy losses. Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? [144] Mexican nationalists, Francisco Javier Mina and Jos Joaqun de Herrera took asylum in Les Cayes and were welcomed by Petion during Mexico's War of Independence. [163], The Revolution in Haiti did not wait on the Revolution in France. The French had built a deep defensive ditch with palisades and Forbes had neglected to bring along heavy artillery. For example I even heard that the name "Bahamas" is a corruption of the spanish "Islas de bajamar" "that would be something as like "low tide islands" ;), Posted by: The role of Bois Caiman, Boukman, and Vodou generally, would become the subject of a controversial, discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution. [168] One thing is certain: Haiti became an independent country on 1 January 1804, when the council of generals chose Jean-Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor-general. The Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792. Reportedly, he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings, especially men of mixed-race, so that blame would not rest solely on the black population. [117] Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803, Napoleon accepted defeat in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere. [93] To the United States, Rigaud's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce. At Le Cap, when Rochambeau hanged 500 blacks, Dessalines replied by killing 500 whites and sticking their heads on spikes all around Le Cap, so that the French could see what he was planning on doing to them. [128][135][131], An independent government was created in Haiti, but the country's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule. Next: The Haitian Revolution. Soon after, the few remaining French-held towns in Saint-Domingue surrendered to the Royal Navy to prevent massacres by the Haitian army. [162] Violence in Haiti was largely characterized by military confrontations, riots, killing of slave owners and their families, and guerrilla warfare. Saint-Domingue was a society seething with hatred, with white colonists and black slaves frequently coming into violent conflict. While some white refugees blamed the French Revolutionary government for sparking the violence in Haiti, many supported the Republican regime and openly expressed their support of the Jacobins. More than a translation from Spanish is a corruption. [18] Even by the standards of the Caribbean, French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of slaves. [82] By 1 June 1796, of the 1,000 from the 66th Regiment, only 198 had not been infected with yellow fever; and of the 1,000 men of the 69th Regiment, only 515 were not infected with yellow fever. "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution". There were large investments in education and public works, military infrastructure, and many chateaux, the most notable being the Sans Souci palace in Milot. [14] Publications including Time,[15] Popular Mechanics,[16] and The Guardian [17] have included Revolutions on their lists of recommended podcasts. When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters, they were subject to whipping or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning, the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves. Land could not be privately owned; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux (national bonds), and no French whites could own land. It seems to have been a rather slow burning spark between 1789 and 1791. Trevor | As a result, many Polish soldiers admired their opponents, to eventually turn on the French army and join the Haitian slaves. A self-described "complete history geek",[2] his love for history grew from an interest in ancient civilizations as a child, with a particular affinity for Roman history. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. Nevertheless, he succeeded in rebuilding much of the country and in raising production levels, thus slowly rebuilding the economy.[126]. Rand, David. "Napolon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 17991803," French Historical Studies 32:4 (Fall 2009), 587618. Download the best of Radio 3's Free Thinking programme. To realise this goal, Dessalines adopted the economic organisation of serfdom. On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Franais, which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France. [63] The British historian Sir John Fortescue wrote, "It is probably beneath the mark to say that twelve thousand Englishmen were buried in the West Indies in 1794". We did not go to fetch half a million savage slaves from off the coast of Africa to bring them to the colony as French citizens. [114] In November, Leclerc died of yellow fever, like much of his army. Saint-Domingue's Northern province was the center of shipping and trading, and had the largest population of grands blancs. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. How were they able to successfully fight off one of the worlds strongest military powers? At Mle-Saint-Nicolas, General Louis de Noailles refused to surrender and instead sailed to Havana, Cuba in a fleet of small vessels on 3 December, but was intercepted and mortally wounded by a Royal Navy frigate. Sylvia Musto, "Portraiture, Revolutionary Identity and Subjugation: Anne-Louis Girodet's Citizen Belley". By the 1740s, Saint-Domingue, together with the British colony of Jamaica, had become the main suppliers of the world's sugar. Haiti was hell, but Haiti was rich". [48][49][50][51], The planters had long feared such a revolt, and were well armed with some defensive preparations. Brenna | In 1789, there was a population of 40,000 whites and 500,000 slaves. The country was damaged from years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent. [76], Rigaud had checked the British in the south, taking the town of Logne by storm and driving the British back to Port-au-Prince. However, some masters tolerated petit marronages, or short-term absences from plantations, knowing these allowed release of tensions. Despite his orders, the massacres were often not carried out until he personally visited the cities. The average life span of a slave in Haiti was 7 years. During the 18th century, local legislation reversed parts of it. [94] The numerous French soldiers were accompanied by mulatto troops led by Alexandre Ption and Andr Rigaud, mulatto leaders who had been defeated by Toussaint three years earlier. The French planters were disappointed as they had hoped to regain power; Sonthonax was relieved, as he had twice refused ultimatums from Commodore John Ford to surrender Port-au-Prince. Many Poles believed that if they fought for France, Bonaparte would reward them by restoring Polish independence, which had been ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. [33], Duncan appears as a panel historian on seasons two and three of the Netflix documentary Roman Empire,[34] and was a historical consultant for The Simpsons' episode I, Carumbus.

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